Understanding the Anatomy of a Typewriter
Before initiating any cleaning or restoration process, it is essential to understand the core components of a mechanical typewriter. A standard typewriter consists of a housing shell, key levers, typebars, ribbon spools, platen (the rubber roller), carriage, escapement mechanism, and type guide. Each of these elements plays a critical role in proper functionality.
The typebars are slender metal arms that strike the inked ribbon to imprint letters onto paper. The platen is responsible for feeding the paper and must rotate smoothly. The escapement mechanism controls the lateral movement of the carriage after each keystroke. Understanding these parts will help you accurately assess wear and determine the appropriate cleaning and restoration techniques.
Initial Assessment and Disassembly
Visual Inspection
Begin by performing a thorough visual inspection of the typewriter. Look for signs of corrosion, dust accumulation, broken springs, or jammed typebars. If the machine has been stored in an attic or basement, it may also have mold or mildew, which requires special handling.
Partial Disassembly
Disassemble the typewriter only as much as necessary. Removing the outer housing usually provides adequate access for most cleaning operations. Use a precision screwdriver set and document each step with photos to aid reassembly. Avoid removing tensioned springs or gears unless absolutely necessary, as reinstallation requires careful calibration.
Step-by-Step Cleaning Process
Dry Cleaning Methods
For basic cleaning old typewriter models, start with dry methods:
- Use a handheld vacuum with a soft brush attachment to remove dust and debris.
- Compressed air can dislodge particles from tight crevices, but use it sparingly to avoid forcing dirt deeper.
- A stiff nylon brush is ideal for scrubbing key levers and typebars.
Solvent-Based Cleaning
For sticky or rusted components, apply isopropyl alcohol (at least 90% concentration) using cotton swabs. Alcohol evaporates quickly and leaves minimal residue. For hardened grease or ink buildup, naphtha (lighter fluid) is effective but flammable—ensure proper ventilation.
Avoid water-based cleaners, as they can cause oxidation of steel components. When cleaning the platen, use rubber rejuvenator to restore flexibility and grip.
Ribbon System Maintenance
Inspect the ribbon spools and the ribbon advance mechanism. Replace the ribbon if it is brittle or dried out. Universal ribbons are available for most models. Clean the ribbon vibrator and guide with alcohol to ensure smooth movement.
Restoring a Vintage Typewriter
Rust Removal and Metal Polishing
For restoring vintage typewriter units with rust or oxidation, use fine-grade steel wool (0000) and apply gentle pressure. Follow with a metal polish like Flitz or Simichrome on chrome-plated parts. Avoid over-polishing, which can remove protective coatings.
Keytop Restoration
Plastic or glass keytops can be cleaned with a mild soap solution and a microfiber cloth. For yellowed keys, a diluted hydrogen peroxide bath under UV light can help reverse discoloration. Ensure all parts are fully dry before reassembly.
Paint and Decals
If the typewriter’s paint is chipped or faded, consider a touch-up using enamel paint matched to the original color. For preserving decals, avoid abrasive cleaners. Instead, apply a thin coat of Renaissance Wax to protect and enhance appearance.
Mechanical Adjustments and Repairs
Common Issues and Solutions
- Sticky keys: Often due to dried lubricant or bent typebars. Cleaning the joints and applying a small amount of synthetic oil (e.g., Tri-Flow) helps restore function.
- Skipping carriage: Indicates a worn escapement or loose drawband. Tighten or replace as needed.
- Uneven typing: May result from misaligned typebars or a damaged platen. Realign manually and rotate the platen to check for flat spots.
These are standard procedures in repairing old typewriter mechanisms and require patience and mechanical intuition.
Expert Recommendations
Experts in typewriter maintenance tips suggest using minimal lubrication—over-oiling attracts dust and can gum up mechanisms. Apply oil only at pivot points using a needle oiler. It is also advised to cycle through all keys regularly to prevent seizing, especially in colder climates.
Comparative Insight: Typewriter vs. Modern Keyboards
Unlike modern membrane or mechanical keyboards, typewriters are entirely analog devices. Every keystroke involves a direct mechanical action. This makes how to clean a typewriter more akin to maintaining a clock or sewing machine than cleaning a computer peripheral.
While modern keyboards are often replaced when malfunctioning, a typewriter can be maintained and restored indefinitely with proper care—a testament to their robust engineering.
Final Reassembly and Testing
Reassemble the housing carefully, ensuring all screws are tightened evenly. Load a fresh ribbon and insert paper to conduct a full typing test. Verify the alignment, spacing, and print clarity across all characters. Make final tension adjustments to the carriage and escapement as needed.
Preservation and Storage
Once restored, store the typewriter in a dust-free environment. Cover it with a breathable cloth and avoid plastic covers that can trap moisture. Periodic operation—typing a few lines every month—will keep the mechanisms limber and prevent deterioration.
Conclusion
Cleaning and restoring a vintage typewriter is a meticulous but rewarding process. Whether you're dealing with a 1920s Underwood or a 1970s Smith-Corona, attention to mechanical detail, proper solvents, and expert advice are crucial. With the right approach, even the most neglected typewriter can return to functional and aesthetic glory.
